Seyyed Hossein Nasr, the Islamic scholar, wrote: “Every authentic spirituality has its distinct perfume which is an extension of the perfume of paradise….” Indeed! However, one could also say that likewise each authentic spirituality has an aspect, a version, a subtext, that perhaps entangles one in what I would call “spiritual knots,” driving one into futility, frustration, or just plain delusion….definitely not paradise! I am not going to define what a “spiritual knot” is nor go more into it. It is more of a fuzzy term that covers a number of issues and problems but all converging on one point. We will simply look at a few examples, sayings, expressions, etc. that perhaps hint at what is the essence of the “spiritual knot,” that one point.
Each religious tradition can enable or even engender the build-up of spiritual knots, but also each has the resources within itself to “undo” the knot and free the person. And each tradition has individuals who see through the “problem” and are free and are a revelation of “what it’s all about!” I said “each” religious tradition, but here I will risk an unprovable opinion: the Islamic Sufis seem to me to be best at this business of “undoing spiritual knots” (and perhaps Zen comes a close second!); and my own Christian tradition may very well be among the best at facilitating these knots….but I won’t push that point! So this little survey will be top heavy with Sufis! Let us begin:
- An old Sufi saying: “On the heart of Poverty three renouncements are inscribed: Quit this world. Quit the next world. Quit quitting.”
Comments:
A Rinzai Zen master could not be sharper or more direct.
Some spiritual seekers (in all traditions) try to turn Poverty into a “merit badge” for a “spiritual boy scout”! This ends that.
Do not think that this is Step 1, Step 2, Step 3.
Most spiritual seekers think they know what this quitting is all about. Turns out that it usually takes a long life’s journey before one gets a hint…if even then….. In other words, do not think that you know what this quitting will entail in your life. Hint: it’s not giving up stuff in Lent!
Recall the Desert Father stories about several old monks who are beset by robbers. In one story, after the robbers leave, the old monk laments that he wished he had more to give them. In another story, the old monk chases after the robbers with an item that he says they forgot to take! Zen has similar stories.
Quiz: Which quitting is operative in these stories? None? All? Or which one? (The answer key is to be found in your own heart.)
- Bulleh Shah, a true master of undoing spiritual (and social) knots. So little known in the West, but a revered Sufi holy man among his people. Philosopher, poet in the his Punjabi language, Sufi, revolutionary reformer, lived around 1700 in the Punjab….today a part of Pakistan, bordering India. Persecuted by fundamentalist Islamic authorities in his own time, he lived impoverished his whole life but always joyous; he challenged the caste system which was absolute in his day; questioned religious authorities; had to run for his life at least once, but today revered as a holy man and prophet. Needless to say, his poetry, difficult to translate, has no excellent translators, loses a lot in translation (a lot of it is a bit rich in affective language for my taste)…..but you can still catch the thought ….and it leaves you amazed and speechless. Here is an example, one of his most famous poems:
Not a believer in the mosque am I,
Nor a disbeliever with his rites am I.
I am not the pure amongst the impure,
I am neither Moses nor Pharaoh.
Bulleh, I know not who I am.
Not in the holy books am I,
Nor do I dwell in bhang or wine,
Nor do I live in a drunken haze,
Nor in sleep or waking known.
Bulleh, I know not who I am.
Not in happiness or in sorrow am I found.
I am neither pure nor mired in filthy ground.
Not of water nor of land,
Nor am I in air or fire to be found.
Bulleh, I know not who I am.
Not an Arab nor Lahori,
Not a Hindi or Nagouri,
Nor a Muslim or Peshawari,
Not a Buddhist or a Christian.
Bulleh, I know not who I am.
Secrets of religion have I not unravelled,
I am not of Eve and Adam.
Neither still nor moving on,
I have not chosen my own name!
Bulleh, I know not who I am.
From first to last, I searched myself.
None other did I succeed in knowing.
Not some great thinker am I.
Who is standing in my shoes, alone?
Bulleh, I know not who I am.”
― Bulleh Shah
And then there is this:
Going to Makkah is not the ultimate,
Even if hundreds of prayers are offered.
Going to River Ganges is not the ultimate,
Even if hundreds of cleansings (Baptisms) are done.
…
Bulleh Shah, the ultimate is
When the “I” is removed from the heart!
M
(An excerpt from “Makkeh Gaya” poem)
Comments: Like I said, this man is a master at undoing “spiritual knots.” But first, there is the struggle to even recognize the spiritual knots within one’s heart precisely as spiritual knots.
- Some spiritual knots can be engendered or enabled by the classic texts through the peculiar language of the ancient spiritual masters, like the Desert Fathers……
“A brother came to see Abba Macarius the Egyptian, and said to him, “Abba, give me a word, that I may be saved.” So the old man said, “Go to the cemetery and abuse the dead.” The brother went there, abused them and threw stones at them; then he returned and told the old man about it. The latter said to him, “Didn’t they say anything to you?” He replied, “No.” The old man said, “Go back tomorrow and praise them.” So the brother went away and praised them, calling them, “Apostles, saints and righteous men.” He returned to the old man and said to him, “I have complimented them.” And the old man said to him, “Did they not answer you?” The brother said no. The old man said to him, “You know how you insulted them and they did not reply, and how you praised them and they did not speak; so you too if you wish to be saved must do the same and become a dead man.”
A brother questioned Abba Moses saying, ‘I see something in front of me and I am not able to grasp it.’ The old man said to him, ‘If you do not become dead like those who are in the tomb, you will not be able to grasp it.’
Abba Poemen said that a brother asked Abba Moses how someone could consider himself as dead towards his neighbor. The old man said to him, ‘If a man does not think in his heart that he is already three days dead and in the tomb, he cannot attain this saying.’
So….what do we make of this “dead” talk? Years ago, when I was studying theology at a very progressive place, I met a group of older Catholic religious who were celebrating their sense of liberation through Vatican II. To them this kind of language seemed psychologically repressive, unhealthy, something to reject in favor of a “more positive” approach that would affirm their humanity. Then there were the very conservative religious who felt that Vatican II had eviscerated their religious life. They were inclined to see this language as a call to “greater effort,” a kind of stifling of negative feelings that, alas, keep recurring no matter how many rosaries you do, no matter how many Masses and novenas, no matter your best intentions (meaning no matter how much you beat yourself up!) Both groups suffered from some serious “spiritual knots”; both groups lacked someone who could undo those knots…like Bulleh Shah….or just a more sensitive, comprehensive listening to the Desert Fathers. Their language can be at times problematic, but if you listen to them carefully you will not only undo these knots but also many others that perhaps never even seemed as knots.
- Same thing holds for modern texts and modern spiritual masters….like Abhishiktananda. Under the influence of the Upanishads Abhishiktananda tends to frame the whole spiritual journey around certain key terms: self/Self, awakening, “Aham” or “I am,” “tat tvam asi,” etc. Now whatever meaning or nuance these terms had in the ancient culture that produced the Upanishads (around 1000 to 600 BCE), this kind of language in the modern west (or even modern India) can lead to some serious distortions….as Monchanin, his monastic companion for several years, pointed out and as any number of so-called “gurus” or spiritual teachers have well illustrated. To avoid this one has to read his teachings with a certain spiritual acumen and common sense……which is not so common after all!! A careful, sensitive reading of Abhishiktananda in total has the potential of undoing any of these kinds of problems and leads one into profound depths.
Here is an interesting quote from Abhishiktananda concerning the phenomenon of the sannyasi/monk:
“The monk, or the sannyasi, who still thinks, ‘I am a sannyasi’, is not a true sannyasi. He may have to say this to suit the point of view of those with whom he is speaking, in order to make them understand that he is no longer one of them and no longer has a share with them in the things of this world. It is the same with his clothing, which is not so much for his own sake as it is for others, to show that he is separate in society, or more accurately, separate from society…. When alone by himself the monk cannot any longer think ‘I am this, I am that, I am a renouncer’….”
Excellent point and fully in spirit with Bulleh Shah. Whatever nitpicking you might have about this statement, you can see that his language is “on the way” to something even deeper where he joins the profound Sufis.
(Ancient Sufi saying: “The true Sufi is one who is not.” Unpack that statement and you are “home”!)
Here’s another quote:
“The Spirit blows where he wills. He calls from within, he calls from without. May his chosen ones never fail to attend to his call! In the desert or the jungle, just as much as in the world, the danger is always to fix one’s attention upon oneself. For the wise man, who has discovered his true Self, there is no longer either forest or town, clothes or nakedness, doing or not-doing. He has the freedom of the Spirit, and through him the Spirit works as he wills in this world, using equally his silence and his speech, his solitude and his presence in society. Having passed beyond his ‘own’ self, his ‘own’ life, his ‘own’ being and doing, he finds bliss and peace in the Self alone, the only real Self, the parama-atman. This is the true ideal of the sannyasi.”
What a marvelous, profound statement….and yet not without its potential misreadings and spiritual knots. But really I wonder if you can express it any better than this…..
- Lets look at how the Sufis do it.
But first we have to deal with a difficult spiritual conundrum:
Every authentic spiritual tradition has some sort of language, either in the classic texts or the more modern ones, that in effect says what Bulleh Shah said: “get rid of the ‘I’ in the heart.” It may be disguised in various ways but it’s still there. Consider the Christian Gospels, consider how all that “language of the cross,” the language of “renouncing oneself,” the language of “losing one’s life in order to gain it,” etc., how that all points to that one dynamic. But here comes the problem….you cannot “remove,” or “renounce” that “I”…..no more than you can pull yourself up by your bootstraps. This leads to one of the worst spiritual knots there is….you get all caught up in methods, programs, systems, you redouble your efforts, try to find that magic spiritual master,…you have become Sisyphus rolling that heavy rock up that hill!
Look at the structure of this sentence: “I renounce my ‘I’.” Who is doing the “renouncing,” the “removing”? After all this renouncing and giving up and removing, it turns out the “I” is still alive and well and maybe even a bit more robust! Our Sufi friends have a solution, and it’s summed up in one word: fana, annihilation. There’s no way to sugarcoat this; but note, this does not entail an erasure of personhood—rather it is a dissolving of that self-centering, that orientation toward self, that dynamic that is taken for our personhood.
There is an interesting story from early Chan (Chinese Zen) that compliments this:
Hui Neng, one of the great patriarchs of Zen, one day encountered a young monk who was meditating. He asked him why he was meditating, and the young monk replied that he was seeking enlightenment. Hui Neng then picked up a tile on the ground and started rubbing it with a rock. The young monk asked him what he was doing. The old patriarch said that he was trying to make a mirror. The young monk said that was not possible with how he was doing it. Hui Neng smiled at the young monk. Knot cut.
The Sufis (and Zen) really deconstruct, dismantle, that “I,” that self seeking even spiritual gain. Islam is adamantly set against all forms of idolatry, and for the Sufis the most critical form of idolatry is this “I” (the nafs) that puts itself at the center. The Sufis say that when you shatter this idol then there is only God. And who you are is in this Reality….which is the ONLY reality.
Reza Arasteh, who was a modern Sufi, Islamic scholar, psychologist, wrote: “…the Sufi’s task is to break the idol of the phenomenal self, which is the mother idol: having achieved this aim his search ends. Empty-handed, empty-minded and desire-less, he is and he is not. He has and he has not the feeling of existence. He knows nothing, he understands nothing. He is in love, but with whom he is not aware of. His heart is at the same time both full and empty of love….” (Bewilderment and perplexity at a deep level are important stages on the Sufi path….what John of the Cross called the “dark night of the soul.”)
There is this Sufi account:
In the Koran, Pharoah is reputed to have said, “I am your highest Lord.”
Al-Hallaj (probably the most famous Sufi in history) said, “I am the Absolute Truth.”
There are two different “I”s here. God clarifies:
“Pharoah saw only himself and lost Me, and al-Hallaj saw only Me and lost himself.”
A Sufi story that attacks the knot directly: Rabia, a most esteemed holy woman, a profound Sufi, living in what is today Iraq around 900 CE. She encounters a younger male Sufi who brags to her, “I have not committed a single sin for years.” Rabia answered him, “Your very existence is a greater sin than all else!” I can just imagine so many people I have known in the past who would freak out at that language and totally dismiss it. So what is going on here? Rabia focuses with laser precision on that “shingle of identity” that young Sufi is carrying. And what is striking and so, so common is that this young man sees himself in that cheap identity which he also sees as his living existence before God. He does not see it as it really is—an obstacle to a true awakening to his identity. So, like a Zen Master, she doesn’t undo the knot….she cuts the knot!
Gospel story that compliments this: The “rich” young man who has “kept” the Law and all its precepts but he cannot accept Jesus’ invitation to “give it all up and follow him”….in other words, find his identity in Jesus. Quiz: What constitutes this young man’s riches?
Two pertinent Sufi sayings:
- Only God can truly say “I”—your “I” is a mere nothingness. (That doesn’t mean it is an illusion or doesn’t exist, but its existence is like comparing the light of a small candle to the total light of our galaxy….and even that is giving our existence “too much reality.”)
- There is not enough room in this house for two “I”s—the heart.
- In conclusion, a schematic of the Sufi path from the Turkish Sufis:
There are three parts:
- Sharia (law): exemplified by “yours is yours, and mine is mine.”
b. Tariqa (truth): “yours is yours, and mine is yours also.”
c. Marifa (gnosis/knowledge): “there is neither mine nor thine.”
In Sharia we have a world of clear boundaries. This makes social life possible, facilitates it, gives us a context for a reasonable, stable life in which we can develop in several ways. But this is also the place where spiritual knots flourish.
In Tariqa the boundaries begin to blur. The Sufi does not leave Sharia, but he can begin to transcend it as it were, moving beyond its requirements. You can see some Desert Fathers here also! Spiritual knots are still possible
In Marifa the boundaries vanish. All is changed. Your suffering is my suffering, your gain is my gain….whatever….there is ONLY God!! No knots possible.
A beautiful quote from al-Ghazali, great medieval Sufi, speaking from the land of Marifa:
“Each thing has two faces, a face of its own, and a face of its Lord; in respect of its own face, it is nothingness, and in respect of the Face of God it is Being. Thus there is nothing in existence save only God and His Face, for everything perishes but His Face, always and forever.”
If you want to know how life looks like under Marifa, read and ponder the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew….maybe only a Sufi can truly understand and live that text!!